As
a child, I was told a story by a relative about the frescoes and statues that
adorn those Goan churches of the Portuguese colonial era. Commissioned by the
Church, these earthly renditions of heaven on high, I was informed, were meant
to appear ethereal, radiant, and sacred. Instead, they looked Indian. The
Indian workers employed to make manifest the European-tinted iconography of a
Semitic-originated Christianity, could only interpret the divine in a
corporeality they were familiar with. Their depictions of the godly looked less
like the colonizers, who cast themselves as purveyors of the faith, and more
like themselves, the colonial commoner.
I
share this, perhaps, apocryphal tale from my childhood not to centre the role
of sacred Christian art in the legacy of Portuguese influence in colonial and
postcolonial Goa but, rather, to consider how art functions as a measure of
such culture. Art, like other cultural production, encodes the impact of its
time, both as the weight of authority and resistance to it. In this vein, I
consider here the capacity of art, often deemed the purview of the elite, to
evoke its originary circumstances and, thus, put into relief the everyday, the
mundane, and its importance.
For
example, as Savia Viegas points out, when Angelo da Fonseca (1902-1967) attempted
“to give a new ‘visual lexicon’ to Christian art” in India, his “attempt to
root Christian imagery in local culture and art traditions” was met with “[t]he
Roman Catholic Church [taking] umbrage against his renderings of a
brown-skinned Madonna and various saints ... Moreover, for the [Goan]
Catholics, the classical Mary was a source of identity that connected [them]
with ‘white society,’ and da Fonseca’s work was deemed threatening.”[1] So
much for the egalitarian idea of being made in God’s image...
What
Viegas points to is not only the elitist intertwining of the charade of faith
with Eurocentrism and phenotypic bias, but also the polarized deification of
the figure of Mary. Robert Newman notes that “[a]lthough
modern Europe has only pale memories of Greek, Scandinavian, and Celtic
goddesses behind their patriarch-dominated religion imported from the Middle
East, it was not always so,” implying the gendered difference between Semitic
religious traditions, such as Christianity, and their counterparts which tend
to revere a Mother Goddess figure rather than only a paternal icon.[2] In the missionising process of colonial Christianity in South
Asia, “[m]any sites that had been sacred to the worship of goddesses ... were
re-sacralized by making them important to the Virgin Mary,” Newman opines. He
also adds that “[t]he Indian goddess ... is not an intercessor, like the [Europeanised]
Virgin Mary, between people and a masculine deity, but a power in her own
right.” In her Indianisation, Mary, like other South Asian Mother Goddesses is
a deity unto herself – an independent manifestation of female divinity. Hence,
while the Goan elite may have taken offence to da Fonseca’s brown Madonna
because this had disconnected her from them, he had actually portrayed an icon
who in appearance was closer to the masses that had adopted her as their own.
While
artistic expressions of religious iconography speak to the identificatory
processes of a people grappling with colonial legacies in their everyday lives,
it is even in mundane objects that such historical influences reveal
themselves. Known as kawandi, quilts
created by Karnataka’s Siddi women are of import to an understanding of
Indo-Portuguese history and its extant traces. These quilters are descended
from Africans enslaved by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century and brought
to Goa. Fleeing most notably during the Inquisition (1560-1812), the runaway
slaves set up free communities in nearby Karnataka which still exist. Kawandi are not primarily created as
art. Instead, pieced together from older garments, the use of brightly-coloured
fabrics purposefully functions to brighten rural living spaces with little
light. The recognition of the artistic talents of Siddi women has drawn
attention to the community’s history where the quilts themselves bear hints of
the past.[3] Kawandi
may contain crescent-shaped ornamentation to signify the maker as a Muslim
while the works of Catholics utilize cross motifs, bearing testament to
conversion. Common to all kawandi is a
mark of completion in the form of a corner embellishment made of layered
triangular pieces. These are called phula,
which in Konkanni – spoken in Goa and Karnataka – means flowers. The adornment,
incorporating the linguistic with the artistic, recalls the Siddi community’s
past in Goa. In delivering the legacy of quilting from one generation to the
next, Siddi women maintain cultural traditions, and also the community’s
history as African Indians who defied colonial Portuguese authority to liberate
themselves.
Fabric
as art also evokes the Portuguese legacy in Goa beyond India’s borders. At the
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, John Nava’s
“Communion of Saints” is a tapestry that features among its subjects a Goan
missionary. The Blessed Joseph Vaz (1651-1711), an Indian priest with a
Portuguese name, blends in with the tapestry’s other multicultural figures
which also consists of unnamed people. This mélange represents the
indecipherability between the holiness of everyday folk and the anointed. At
the same time, Vaz’s inclusion in the artistic composition as one beatified,
but not yet canonised, raises the question of what role race plays in the
recognition of venerability. Again, what this summons is art’s interrogation of
the complexities of cultural legacies. These legacies are represented in the
sacred and the mundane and as a record of authority and resistance, where Portuguese
and Goan heritage are imbricated in the complementary and clashing hues of art
that does not simply choose to please the eye.
A version of this article appears in print as a supplement to The Goan and can be viewed online.
[1] Savia Viegas, “Painting the Madonna Brown” in Himal Southasian (August 2010).
[2]
Robert S. Newman, Of Umbrellas, Goddesses
and Dreams: Essays on Goan Culture and Society (Mapusa: Other India Press,
2001).
[3] An organization called
the Siddi Women’s Quilting Cooperative promotes and sells the quilters’
creations.
